Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators

Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
University of British Columbia
University of Washington School of Medicine
University of Washington
Jimma University
Aleta Wondo Hospital
Università di Roma
University of California Los Angeles
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center
Harvard Medical School
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
Alexandria University
Tanta University
Memorial University of Newfoundland
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
University Ferhat Abbas of Setif
University of Duhok
Bayero University
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dilla University
University of Southern California
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)
University of Gondar
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
University of Sierra Sur
National Research Council of Mexico
Babcock University
Wolaita Sodo University
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Karolinska Institutet
Poznan University of Medical Sciences
Madda Walabu University
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan
Usmanu Danfodiyo University
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
University of Sharjah
Hamad Medical Corporation
United Arab Emirates University
The University of Jordan
Alfaisal University
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Bahir Dar University
University of New South Wales
Cancer Institute NSW
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS)
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart)
Obafemi Awolowo University
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Walden University
Osun State University
University of Medical Sciences
University of Ibadan
Muhammadiyah University of Mataram
Universitas Padjadjaran
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
University of Management and Technology Lahore
King Edward Memorial Hospital
Public Health Institute
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
International Vaccine Institute, Seoul
McGill University
University of Catania
Ashoka University
Baylor College of Medicine
Queen's University
University of Technology Sydney
Shaqra University
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
College of Medicine
Miami Cancer Institute
King Edward Medical University Lahore
Southeast University
Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of California San Diego
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Uppsala University
Institute of Endemic Diseases Sudan
University of Basel
University of South Australia
Jamia Hamdard
East Carolina University
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College
Addis Ababa University
Ministry of Health
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
University of Patras
University General Hospital of Patras
Duke University School of Medicine
Fudan University
University of Texas
Ministry of Health Oman
Middle East
Washington University in St. Louis
UTHealth
University of Missouri School of Medicine
Heidelberg University
Ajman University
University of Bahrain
Department of Veterans Affairs
Murdoch Business School
Asian University for Women
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Royal Jordanian Medical Services
Yarmouk University
Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida
University College London
Mekelle University
University of Verona
Australian National University
Charité Medical University Berlin
University of Newcastle
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
King Saud University
Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
Hazara University Mansehra
Erbil Polytechnic University
Ishik University
National University of Medical Sciences
University of Maiduguri
Jamia Millia Islamia
University of Swat
Sulltan Qaboos University
University of Milan
Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Monash University
Kuwait University
National University of Malaysia
University of Bordeaux
Public Health and Community Medicine
University of Malaya
Sana’a University
College of Medicine Alfaisal University
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
Qatar University
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona
Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP)
Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran
Taibah University
Ibb University
King Abdulaziz University
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Health
University of Jeddah
University of Lahore
Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare
Indiana University School of Medicine
Nova University of Lisbon
University of Nigeria
Universidad de la Costa
University of Cartagena
National Institute of Health
Umm AL Qura University
Azal University for Human Development
University of Science and Technology of Fujairah
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Boston Children's Hospital
German Jordanian University
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations
University of Iowa
Health Policy Research Center
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Niguarda Hospital
African Population Health Research Centre
University of Jos
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
The University of Queensland
Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
Technical University of Berlin
European University
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
George Washington University
Oregon Health and Science University
University of Sheffield
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
Ernakulam Medical Centre
Department of Psychiatry
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
University of Milan Bicocca
Universitas Sebelas Maret
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Gadjah Mada University
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Operations Department
Charles Sturt University
Ateneo de Manila University
Republic of the Philippines Department of Health
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Al Ain University
Ottawa University
School of Life Sciences
Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Adigrat University
University of Ilorin
National Institute of Health
Dalarna University
Russian Academy of Sciences
Universitas Airlangga
University of Johannesburg
Umeå University
Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Wachemo University
University of Sydney
School of Medicine and Public Health
Hunter New England Population Health
Lumbini Medical College
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
University of Leicester School of Business
National Institute of Public Health
La Trobe University
San Martin de Porres University
Ministry of Health
Autonomous University of Madrid
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park
Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative)
The RAND Corporation
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Nested Knowledge, Inc
October 6 University
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Gomal University
Government Institute of Forensic Science
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Australian National University
University of Canberra
School of Medicine, Isfahan UMS
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
Management and Science University
Bispebjerg University Hospital
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Flinders University
Anhembi Morumbi University
University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division
University of Southampton
Federation University Australia
University of New England Australia
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
University of Greenwich
Baptist Health South Florida
Dental Research Center
University of Auckland
Harvard University
University of Eastern Piedmont
Pontifical Javeriana University
University of Florida College of Medicine
University of The Gambia
Alpha Genomics (Pvt) Ltd
University of Coimbra
School of Medicine (IUMS)
Imperial College London
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University
Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV
University of Nevada Las Vegas
Coforge
University of Münster
Department of Psychiatry
Health Human Resources Research Center (SUMS)
University of Florida
University Hospital of Dijon
University of Burgundy
Arba Minch University
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
Tufts Medical Center
Yale University
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center
University of Porto
University of West Attica
University of Liverpool
Haliç University
University of São Paulo
New York University
Indiana University
Corvinus University of Budapest
Hungarian Competition Authority
King’s College London
Emory University
Butte County Department of Public Health
North Dakota State University
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
University of Birmingham
Tribhuvan University
NSW Brain Clot Bank
South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital
St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
Chandigarh University
Central University of Punjab
Guru Nanak Dev University
University of Asia Pacific
University of Toronto
Aga Khan University
Scientific-Tools.Org
Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Sydney Local Health District
University of Bergen
Cancer Registry of Norway
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Boston University
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
University of Cape Town
School of Business Administration
Nazarbayev University
Johns Hopkins University
Ministry of Health
Universidad Santiago de Cali
University Hospital Saadna Abdenour
Anglia Ruskin University
Howard University
University of Florida Health Cancer Center
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Ohio State University
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
German Research Center for Environmental Health
German Cancer Research Center
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
University of Panama
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
United Kingdom Health Security Agency
University of Oxford
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
University of Waterloo
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Harvard Business School
Cayetano Heredia University
University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Sichuan University
University of Bologna
Scuola Superiore sant'Anna
Metropolitan Autonomous University
Prevention and Clinical Network
Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII
University Fernando Pessoa
National University of Colombia
University of Udine
Healthcare Agency "Friuli Occidentale"
Institute of Health Carlos III
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
IRCCS Multimedica
La Sapienza University
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
University of Trieste
University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI)
James Cook University
Australian Catholic University
University of Hong Kong
Indian Council of Medical Research
Adamas University
Hallym University
Animal Resources Development Department
Cardiovascular Analytics Group
Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong
Jazan University
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
Department of Computer Science
Southern Medical University
University of Michigan Medical School
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Singapore Eye Research Institute
Duke-NUS Medical School
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hiroshima University
Western Sydney University
Virginia Commonwealth University
Ministry of Health Iraq
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong
National University of Singapore
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Florida International University
University of Bern
Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC)
Viet Nam National University-International School
Federal Medical Centre Nigeria
AndroUrology Centre
Health Data Research UK
Health Effects Institute
Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy
IRCCS Neuromed
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Case Western Reserve University
University of Human Development
Ingram School of Engineering
Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico
"Sf Pantelimon" Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Griffith University
Albany Medical College
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
Universidad de Colima
Universitat Jaume I
Royal Liverpool University Hospital
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
University of Sarajevo
Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences
Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Chettinad Academy of Research and Education
Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh
ICARIndian Veterinary Research Institute
Dr. D. Y. Patil University
Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC)
Goethe University Frankfurt
Nepal Health Research Council
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Victoria University
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
University of Florence
Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine
Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Federal University of Espírito Santo
Department of Biostatistics
Medical University of Varna
Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
St. Joseph's University Medical Center
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Federal University of Rio Grande
Federal University of Bahia
Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública – EBMSP
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Telethon Kids Institute
Medical University of Silesia
Massachusetts General Hospital
University of Calabar
University of Arizona
Sultan Moulay Slimane University
University of Science Malaysia
Ege University
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)
University of Portsmouth
AlMoosa College of Health Science
Mansoura University
Ain Shams University
Cairo University
University of Tripoli
City University of Hong Kong
Zagazig University
University of Tehran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Coventry University
University College Hospital, Ibadan
IRCCS Pascale
National Institute of Statistics
Activity Planning and Control Unit
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Cihan University-Erbil
Federal University of Sergipe
University of Pretoria
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Torrens University Australia
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change
Kazakh National Medical University
Auckland University of Technology
Research Center of Neurology
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
University of Nicosia
Wollega University
Kaiser Permanente
A.T. Still University
School of Social Sciences
Maya Health Alliance
Institute of Gerontology Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna
University of L'Aquila
Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci
Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS)
Semmelweis University
Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania
University of Aberdeen
University of Szeged
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals
King George's Medical University
Indore Institute of Pharmacy
Haramaya University
Wollo University
Aksum University
College of Medicine and Public Health
Axum College of Health Science
Debre Berhan University
Menelik II Medical and Health Science College
University of Aden
Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences
World Health Organization (WHO)
Moscow Medical Academy
University of Warwick
Adelaide Medical School
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Sana Institute of Higher Education
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Link Campus University
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
Hokkaido University
School of Medicine
Stanford University
College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University
Charles University
Anhui Medical University
University of Siena
University of Sulaimani
Local Health Authority of Bologna
Dignity Health
University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB)
University of Peradeniya
Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University
Lehigh Valley Health Network
University of South Carolina
BRAC University
Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute
Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research India
Deakin University
Dublin City University
Macquarie University
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
Berlin Institute of Health
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Endocrine Science
NYU Shanghai
Robert Koch Institute
Arabian Gulf University
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Brown University
University of Dhaka
Universitas Syiah Kuala
University of Barcelona
Al-Azhar University
Bangladesh University
World University of Bangladesh
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Palamau Institute of Pharmacy
Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital
Federal University of Lafia
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
University Hospital Essen
Skaane University Hospital
University of New Brunswick
Murdoch University
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
University of Wroclaw
MedStar Health
Georgetown University
London South Bank University
Taiz University
Nankai University School of Medicine
University of Tokyo
Hanoi Medical University
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
University of Western Australia
Yokohama City University
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Jahangirnagar University
Arkansas Tech University
University of Wollongong
Duy Tan University
National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE)
Medicine School of Tunis
Tsinghua University
ARCED Foundation
University of Nizwa
University of Zakho
Taipei Medical University
National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles
University of Belgrade
University of Kragujevac
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
University of Ahmad Dahlan
Sharda University
Tobruk University
National Center for Disease Control
Asian Institute of Medicine, Science & Technology
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy
Osaka University
University of Tsukuba
South African Medical Research Council
Stellenbosch University
University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
University of Richmond
Ministry of Health
The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center
Riga Stradins University
Dubai Municipality
The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO
Shaanxi University of Technology
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch
University of the Philippines Manila
St. Luke's Medical Center Quezon City
University of Tasmania
University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus
Government Medical College
Hospital & Research Centre
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences
Abadan University of Medical Sciences
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
Hungarian Health Management Association
Drexel University
National Open University
University of Opole
University of Tartu
University College Cork
King Faisal University
Bharti Hospital
Prasanna School of Public Health
Maastricht University
Meharry Medical College
Save Sight Institute
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District
University of Ghana
University of Puthisastra
Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc
Panjab University
Trauma Research Center (SUMS)
UF Health Cancer Center
Hofstra University
Montefiore Medical Center
Majmaah University
Woldia University
University of Glasgow
University of Oulu
Institute of Human Virology Nigeria
Utrecht University
University of Nairobi
Myungsung Medical College
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
University of Otago, Christchurch
Food and Environment
University Sorbonne Paris Nord
Amity University
Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
NHS North West London
Sheffield Hallam University
Ohio University
Jerash University
Deemed University
Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences
Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital
Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
MRC Epidemiology Unit
Texas A&M University
University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka
SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition
Yonsei University
Broad Institute
Xiamen University Malaysia
Millennium Prevention
Kristiania University College
Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Oslo Metropolitan University
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Children's Medical Center (TUMS)
Sun Yat-Sen University
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development
Helsinki University Hospital
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Kharkiv National Medical University
Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Planning
Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences
University of Montreal
Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine
University of Rajshahi
University of Hail
University of Environment and Sustainable Development
Kuopio University Hospital
University of Eastern Finland
Queensland Health
Cabrini Institute
Parul University
Central University of Gujarat
North South University
Patuakhali Science and Technology University
McMaster University
National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN)
City University of London
University of Indonesia
Hacettepe University
University of South Africa
Foundation for People-centric Health Systems
Indian Institute of Health Management Research University
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
University of Helsinki
NEVES Society for Patient Safety
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Institute of Medical Sciences
Ministry of Health
University of Genoa
University of Regensburg
HelpMeSee, Inc.
Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology
Linköping University
Uppsala University Hospital
Father Muller Medical College
International Society Doctors for the Environment
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
Methodist Hospital
Nova Southeastern University
Ajou University School of Medicine
University of Leicester
Sungkyunkwan University
Monash University Malaysia
Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus
Korea University College of Medicine
National Taiwan Normal University
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
Peking Union Medical College
China Medical University
Asbestos Diseases Research Institute
Xian Jiaotong University
The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
Peking University
Chongqing University of Science and Technology
Deakin University
German Institute of Human Nutrition
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute
University of Zaragoza
National Research Centre for the Working Environment
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)
Federal University of Juiz de Fora
Wuhan University
University of the West of England
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
King Salman International University
University of Athens
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Ministry of Health & Population
Mysore Medical College & Research Institute
Government of Karnataka
The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus
Planetary Health Alliance
Houston Methodist Hospital
Cyprus University of Technology
Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
Ministry of Health
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Ensta Bretagne
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute)
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Smart University of Medical Sciences
Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico
Pan American Health Organization
Indonesian Public Health Association
Science and Technology of Ceará
University of Concepcion
Bahauddin Zakariya University
University of Colombo
University of Manchester
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
University of Louisville School of Medicine
The George Institute for Global Health
IRCCS
Aarhus University
Queensland University of Technology
University of Vlora
University of Crete
Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan UMS
Tehran Heart Center
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)
Debre Markos University
National Institute of Health
National Institute of Health
BGI Genomics Co., Ltd.
University of Melbourne
University North
University of Kelaniya
North Colombo Teadhing Hospital
University Paediatrics Unit
Maternity Hospital
Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation
Curtin University
Office of the Medical Examiner
IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
Center for Palliative and Supportive Care
St Vincent College
Gulf Medical University
Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education
University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychiatry
Dr. B. C. Roy Multi-Specialty Medical Research Centre
Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
Foundation for Liver Research
New York University Abu Dhabi
University of Hargeisa
Sirius Training and Research Centre
Dire Dawa University
Notre Dame of Maryland University
Mizan-Tepi University
Ahmadu Bello University
Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health
Messina University
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
St George's University of London
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
Federal University of Pernambuco
Chalmers University of Technology
SGMK Copernicus University
Neurosciences Research Center
London School of Economics and Political Science
University of Groningen
Federal Institute for Population Research
Center for Population and Health
University of Thessaly
Mexican Institute of Social Security
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa
Regional Institute of Oncology
Institute of Mother & Child Care
Orthopaedic Research Group
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education
University of Tabuk
Seoul National University
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Research and Academic Institution
Research and Analytics Department
Bioinsilico Technologies
Ulm University
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Hasanuddin University
MOSC Medical College
The Brooklyn Hospital Center
Suraj Eye Institute
University of Central Punjab
Makerere University
West Virginia University
Cardio-Aid
Euromed University of Fes
University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Kathmandu University
Tampere University
University of Yaoundé I
University of Embu
Department of Medical Engineering
Children's Hospital 2
Danang Family Hospital
National Cancer Center Japan
St Luke's International University
Shiga University of Medical Science
International Islamic University Islamabad
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Keio University
Lund University
University of Adelaide
Nnamdi Azikiwe University
Groote Schuur Hospital
Banten School of Health Science
Higher Education Service Institutions (LLDIKTI) Region IV
University of California San Francisco
University of Bucharest
National University of Ireland - Galway
Pfizer Inc.
Kyung Hee University
Health Promotion Research Center (ZAUMS)
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
University of the Western Cape
University of Lagos
Bowen University
ABRACES
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
Beni-Suef University
Tor Vergata University of Rome
Ministry of Health Brunei
Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre
Mercer University School of Medicine
School of Nursing
Medical University of Warsaw
Ho Teaching Hospital
ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila
Public Health Agency of Canada
University of Ottawa
The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital
Universidad de Las Américas
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
National Research University Higher School of Economics
University Hospital of Setif
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
Babes-Bolyai University
Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation
Utkal University
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Privatpraxis
Public Health Research Society Nepal
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital
Lovely Professional University
Deree-The American College of Greece
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Korea University
University of Torino
AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino
Roseman University of Health Sciences
European Interbalkan Medical Center
Advent Health
IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi
Taihe Hospital
Hubei University of Medicine
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
Albert Einstein Hospital
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Facultad de Medicina
Shanghai Mental Health Center
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades
International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR)
European Commission Joint Research Centre
Queen's University Belfast
Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
German Environment Agency
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr, Russian Academy of Sciences
University Medical Center
The INCLEN Trust International
University of Novi Sad
Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
Erasmus University Medical Center
University Medical Center Groningen
Bam University of Medical Sciences
Fundación Valle del Lili
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences
University of Pennsylvania
Cihan University-Sulaymaniyah
Third Military Medical University
University of Central Florida
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal
Cancer Institute (WIA)
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center MAZUMS
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta
Mobiddo Adama University Teaching Hospital -Yola
Department of Health Services Administration
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center (GUMS)
Student Research Committee
Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences
Lorestan University
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital
Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital
Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Stanford University School of Medicine
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute
Mure Memorial Hospital
RTM Nagpur University
South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST)
Policy Research Institute
Global Center for Research and Development
Agios Pharmaceuticals
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
University of Otago
Capital & Coast District Health Board
Sharavathi Dental College
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology
St Helens
Public Health England
Department of Computer Science
Research and Academic Institution
Brien Holden Vision Institute
Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale
Universidad de La Sabana
University of Connecticut
University of Minnesota Medical School
University Teaching Hospital of Kigali
Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU)
Universidad de Antioquia
Federal University of Uberlândia
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
Chulalongkorn University
Golestan University of Medical Sciences
School of Medicine
Malaria Consortium
West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists
Quest International University Perak (QIUP)
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIA (Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation)
Juiz de For a Federal University
Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (President Antônio Carlos University)
National Institute for Medical Research Tanga
S. Maria dei Battuti Hospital
University of Victoria
Prince of Wales Hospital
Medical College of Georgia
Medical University of Gdańsk
Foundation University, Islamabad
MAHSA University
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health
University of Gujrat
Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg
A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital
Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences
University College of Applied Sciences
University of Kassel
Jouf University
Child Mind Institute, Inc.
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
University of Southern Denmark
Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University
Ain Shams University
Marshall University
Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research
Udayana University
Indira Gandhi Medical College
University of Freiburg
Loretto Hospital
University of Applied and Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Bournemouth University
IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IRCCS Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
University of the Fraser Valley
International School of Management
University Hospital of Bordeaux
Ludwig Maximilians University
Manian Medical Centre
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Healthcare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital
An-Najah National University
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan
Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy
Northwell Health System
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman
Baim Institute for Clinical Research
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs
Universidad del Azuay
Panjab University, Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology
Yenepoya Research Center
Free University of Brussels
University of Edinburgh
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Dambi Dollo University
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Sofiamed University Hospital
Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridiski"
Nepal Development Society
Quaid-i-Azam University
The Cooper Institute
University of Khartoum
Erasmus University
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Polytechnic Institute of Guarda
University of Beira Interior
Federal University of São Paulo
Victoria University of Wellington
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University
Lady Hardinge Medical College
Government Medical College and Hospital
US Department of Veterans Affairs
Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
The University of Georgia, Tbilisi
Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals
The Bizzell Group
Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine
American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine
American University of Integrative Sciences
University of Calgary
Peking University Health Science Center
Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
Hull York Medical School
International Medical University
Kandahar University
University Hospital Muenster
Democritus University of Thrace
University of Gothenburg
Boston College
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Western University
Luxembourg Institute of Health
Xiamen University
Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy
LUXMED Group
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI)
University of Valencia
Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch
University of Exeter
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
Research Center for Molecular
University of Nebraska Medical Center
University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
Northlands Medical Group
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rice University
Enventure Medical Innovation
University Institute ‘Egas Moniz’
University of Lisbon
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences India
University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine
PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
Faculty of Biomedical Engineering
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Nagasaki University
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System
National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)
Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals
University of Sfax
Children's Hospital 1
University of Pisa
Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust
Nam Can Tho University
Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine
University of Karachi
University of Education
Amity University Rajasthan
University of Bari Aldo Moro
Humanitas University
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Washington University
University of Debrecen
UKK Institute Finland
Institute of Public Health of Serbia
National University of Singapore
Raffles Hospital, Singapore
University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
Universidad Europea de Madrid
Ministry of Health
University of California, Berkeley
Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin (Jose de San Martín Clinical Hospital)
HUTECH University
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University
Washington University in St Louis
Xuzhou Medical University
Capital Medical University
Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
Naresuan University
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Medical University Innsbruck
Duke Kunshan University
Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital
Michigan State University
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Zhejiang University School of Public Health
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
University of Science and Technology of China
Graduate School of Medicine
Alberta Health Services
Juntendo University School of Medicine
St. Peter's Specialized Hospital
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center
KHANA
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Juntendo University
University of Toyama
Jackson State University
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR)
Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center
Institute of Oncology Ljubljana
Hodeidah University
James Madison University
Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology
Wuhan University of Science and Technology
Wuhan University School of Medicine
Hebei University
Wuhan Polytechnic University
Chongqing Medical University
Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
Southern University of Science and Technology
Yunnan University
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Science University of Malaysia

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2162-2203
Number of pages	42
Journal	The Lancet
Volume	403
Issue number	10440
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4
State	Published - May 18 2024

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

General Medicine

Access to Document

10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4

Cite this

@article{b446e70d502145cfbc33a2e1ede4fa71,

title = "Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021",

author = "\{GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators\} and Michael Brauer and Roth, \{Gregory A.\} and Aravkin, \{Aleksandr Y.\} and Peng Zheng and Abate, \{Kalkidan Hassen\} and Abate, \{Yohannes Habtegiorgis\} and Cristiana Abbafati and Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh and Abbasi, \{Madineh Akram\} and Mohammadreza Abbasian and Mitra Abbasifard and Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari and \{Abd ElHafeez\}, Samar and Sherief Abd-Elsalam and Parsa Abdi and Mohammad Abdollahi and Meriem Abdoun and Abdulah, \{Deldar Morad\} and Auwal Abdullahi and Mesfin Abebe and Aidin Abedi and Armita Abedi and Abegaz, \{Tadesse M.\} and Zu{\~n}iga, \{Roberto Ariel Abelda{\~n}o\} and Olumide Abiodun and Abiso, \{Temesgen Lera\} and Aboagye, \{Richard Gyan\} and Hassan Abolhassani and Mohamed Abouzid and Aboye, \{Girma Beressa\} and Abreu, \{Lucas Guimar{\~a}es\} and Hasan Abualruz and Bilyaminu Abubakar and Eman Abu-Gharbieh and Abukhadijah, \{Hana Jihad Jihad\} and Salahdein Aburuz and Ahmed Abu-Zaid and Adane, \{Mesafint Molla\} and Addo, \{Isaac Yeboah\} and Giovanni Addolorato and Adedoyin, \{Rufus Adesoji\} and Victor Adekanmbi and Bashir Aden and Adetunji, \{Juliana Bunmi\} and Adeyeoluwa, \{Temitayo Esther\} and Rishan Adha and Amin Adibi and Adnani, \{Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah\} and Adzigbli, \{Leticia Akua\} and Pepito, \{Veincent Christian Filipino\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license",

year = "2024",

month = may,

day = "18",

doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4",

language = "English",

volume = "403",

pages = "2162--2203",

journal = "The Lancet",

issn = "0140-6736",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

number = "10440",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021

T2 - a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

AU - GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators

AU - Brauer, Michael

AU - Roth, Gregory A.

AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.

AU - Zheng, Peng

AU - Abate, Kalkidan Hassen

AU - Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis

AU - Abbafati, Cristiana

AU - Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh

AU - Abbasi, Madineh Akram

AU - Abbasian, Mohammadreza

AU - Abbasifard, Mitra

AU - Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen

AU - Abd ElHafeez, Samar

AU - Abd-Elsalam, Sherief

AU - Abdi, Parsa

AU - Abdollahi, Mohammad

AU - Abdoun, Meriem

AU - Abdulah, Deldar Morad

AU - Abdullahi, Auwal

AU - Abebe, Mesfin

AU - Abedi, Aidin

AU - Abedi, Armita

AU - Abegaz, Tadesse M.

AU - Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño

AU - Abiodun, Olumide

AU - Abiso, Temesgen Lera

AU - Aboagye, Richard Gyan

AU - Abolhassani, Hassan

AU - Abouzid, Mohamed

AU - Aboye, Girma Beressa

AU - Abreu, Lucas Guimarães

AU - Abualruz, Hasan

AU - Abubakar, Bilyaminu

AU - Abu-Gharbieh, Eman

AU - Abukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad

AU - Aburuz, Salahdein

AU - Abu-Zaid, Ahmed

AU - Adane, Mesafint Molla

AU - Addo, Isaac Yeboah

AU - Addolorato, Giovanni

AU - Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji

AU - Adekanmbi, Victor

AU - Aden, Bashir

AU - Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi

AU - Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther

AU - Adha, Rishan

AU - Adibi, Amin

AU - Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah

AU - Adzigbli, Leticia Akua

AU - Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino

PY - 2024/5/18

Y1 - 2024/5/18

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85192940010

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85192940010#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4

DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4

M3 - Article

C2 - 38762324

AN - SCOPUS:85192940010

SN - 0140-6736

VL - 403

SP - 2162

EP - 2203

JO - The Lancet

JF - The Lancet

IS - 10440

ER -

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

UN SDGs

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this